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U.S. Coin Historical Questions

Reprint from the American Numismatic Coin Association @ http://money.org

Below you will find answers to many commonly asked numismatic questions about coins minted in the United States. If you have a question that does
not appear below or for more information about the American Numismatic Association, please contact us at ana@money.org or call 1-800-367-9723.

Our museum and library staff will be happy to assist you as you discover and explore the world of money. Depending upon the extent of the research
necessary to answer individual questions, a research fee may be required. If a fee is required, our staff will provide you with a cost estimate before

conducting research on your behalf.

1. What women have been portrayed on United States coinage?
Susan B. Anthony, Helen Keller (Alabama Quarter) and Sacagawea are the women who have appeared on U.S. circulating coinage. However, Queen Isabella of Spain,
Eleanor and Virginia Dare, Dolley Madison and Eunice Kennedy Shriver are immortalized on U.S. commemorative coins. Additionally, the Mint is producing

$10 gold coins as part of the “First Spouse” series.

2. E Pluribus Unum – What does this U.S. motto mean?
“E Pluribus Unum” is a Latin term that means “Out of Many, One.” The motto first appeared on the 1795
half-eagle gold coin. An act of February 12, 1873 made the motto a requirement of law for coins minted in the U.S. thereafter.
3. When was the motto “In God We Trust” placed on U.S. coinage?
The motto “In God We Trust“ was first placed on U.S. coinage in 1864. An era of high religious sentiment surfaced
during the Civil War. Many citizens desired that their religious beliefs be reflected on the nation’s currency. The two-cent piece was the first

coin to bear the motto.

4. What does MCMLXXXVI mean on my gold coin?
MCMLXXXVI are Roman numerals for the date 1986. When the United States Mint began creating gold eagle bullion coins, they used
Roman numerals to signify the date from 1986 to 1991.
5. What is a commemorative coin?

Commemorative coins are those U.S. Mint issues that are produced to record and honor a person, place or event. Commemorative coins

have been issued as circulating currency or sold specifically as collector items. The Presidential $1 Program currently underway is a good example of
circulating commemorative coins.

6. Why are only dead Presidents featured on U.S. coins?
Not all U.S. circulating coins feature Presidents. Examples of people who have appeared on U.S. circulating coins but were never
President are Ben Franklin, Sacagawea and Susan B. Anthony. The tradition that living leaders should not appear on coinage dates back to the times of
Republican Rome. Today, the law states that for the Presidential $1 Program, no coin can bear the image of a living former or current President, or of

any deceased former President during the 2 -year period following the date of death of that President. It is interesting to note that on the
Sesquicentennial commemorative half dollar, the image of President Calvin Coolidge (who was very much alive at the time) appears.

7. Is my 1804 dollar authentic?
The U.S. 1804 dollar is one of the most sought-after numismatic items and has been labeled “The King of Coins.”
Collectors are aware of fifteen total specimens. At this point, all are accounted for in known collections. While it is unlikely, a previously unknown

specimen could surface. If you have an 1804 dollar, take it to an ANA affiliated dealer (link to Dealer Direct) for authentication. Beware of the
numerous replicas and copies.

8. Why is the 1913 Liberty Head nickel so valuable?
The U.S. Mint produced the “Liberty Head Type” nickel, designed by Charles E. Barber, from 1883 to 1912. In 1913 the
nickel design was changed to James E. Fraser’s Indian Head obverse with a Buffalo reverse. However, sometime near the end of the production run
in 1912, five coins bearing the Liberty Head design, but with a date of 1913, were produced. Over the next four decades, the nickels were purchased
and sold several times over, individually or as a set. The most recent specimen sold for a record price of $5 million in a 2007 private transaction.
Counterfeits and altered nickels bearing the date 1913 are abundant. Professional authentication is recommended for any Liberty Head nickel dated
1913.
9. I have a Liberty Head nickel that is older than the 1913 Liberty Head nickel. Is it worth more?
There are several variables that determine a coin’s value. Two of the most important variables are mintage number and
condition. 1913 Liberty Head nickels are so valuable because only 5 are known to exist. Other Liberty Head nickels, though older, were standard
circulating issues. They may hold a numismatic value based on the condition of the coin. Please see a (Local ANA Member Coin Dealer) for an
evaluation.
10. Why is their letter “P” over the dome of Monticello on my nickel?
War needs during WWII mandated several changes in U.S. coinage. From 1942 through 1945, the composition of the Jefferson nickel
was changed to what is known as the “wartime alloy” of 56 percent copper, 35 percent silver and 9 percent manganese to allow the
government to use nickel as a strategic material. Previously, the mintmark on the five cent issue was located on the reverse to the right of the
building. In 1942, the large mintmark was placed over the dome of Monticello to denote the change in composition. The letter P (Philadelphia Mint) was

also used for the first time as a mintmark. The prewar mintmark, location and composition were resumed in 1946.

11. I have a silver dollar with a misspelling. TRUST was spelled TRVST. How valuable is it?
The Peace dollar series was issued from 1921 through 1935. Designer Anthony de Francisci chose to use a lettering style that was
part of the Greek-Roman Revival period so popular at that time. There is no misspelling in the design and therefore no added value.
12. Whose portraits are on current U.S. coins?

The following is a list of the portraits on current circulating coinage and the years the design has been utilized.

  • One cent – Abraham Lincoln (1909 to present)
  • Five cents – Thomas Jefferson (1938 to present)
  • Ten cents – Franklin Roosevelt (1946 to present)
  • Quarter – George Washington (1932 to present)
  • Half dollar – John Kennedy (1964 to present)
  • Dollar – Sacagawea (2000 to present)

The Mint is currently producing dollars with images of past Presidents as part of the Presidential Dollar Series.

Here is a list of currently produced US Mint
coins, including the Presidential Series

13. When did the Mint first strike coins and what were the first coins struck?
While the mint struck coins in 1792, the first official Mint circulating issues were large –sized cents struck in
1793.
14. Why did the United States make three-cent coins?
In 1851, the postage rate decreased from 5 cents to three cents. To make it easier for people to purchase stamps, the government
passed legislation to create the silver three-cent piece, or trime, as it was sometimes called.
15. Is it legal to own gold coins?
Yes, from 1933 to 1974 there was a restriction on private citizens owning gold bullion without a special license. The restriction
against gold was lifted effective January 1, 1975. You are now able to own all of the gold that you can afford.
16. I have a nickel with a buffalo on the back that has no date. Is this an error coin?
More than likely, your Buffalo nickel had a date but the date has worn away through circulation. The date on a Buffalo nickel is
located on the front (obverse) of the coin on the shoulder of the Indian. Because the date is on a high point of the design, it easily wears away. A
“dateless” nickel still retains its face value and there are companies who will purchase them for a very modest premium. If you have
nickels without a date, you may consider giving them to children. Many youngsters have started collecting coins after receiving a Buffalo
nickel.
17. Does a coin that has been soldered to a chain or has a hole punched in it have a lesser value?
Yes, since so much of the value of a coin is determined by condition, any coin that has been altered for use as jewelry will have
a reduced value. Only the rarest of coins in this condition are still considered collectible.
18. What is the highest denomination U.S. coin?
Twenty- dollar gold pieces are the highest denomination circulating coins. Also known as double eagles, twenty-dollar coins were
minted from 1849 until 1933. Fifty-dollar gold pieces to commemorate the Panama-Pacific exposition were minted in 1915. Currently, the U.S. Mint
offers one-ounce platinum bullion coins with a face value of $100.
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All of a sudden we have Silver prices at $16-$17 an ounce with Gold prices hanging over $1000 an ounce and this has happened almost overnight!   I knew the dollar was going down, I knew the economy was in horrible condition and I knew that we were in a recession.  But now here’s the phenomenon…  Have you noticed the ‘We Buy Gold & Silver’ commercials everywhere in the last two years or so?  A girlfriend of mine invited me to a gold party where everyone brings their old Gold in, they weigh it and offer the attendees that want to sell a good price for their Gold.  Then, as recently as the last two years I’ve noticed that the cost of a simple Silver necklace, ring or even a pair of Silver earnings cost just as much as gold did 10-15 years ago.  Mmmm, I guess I am getting older and finally see inflation…  Like when my Grandmother says I remember when a candy bar was five cents!   It was so far fetched when I was younger to think of a fifty cent (when I was 12 years old) candy bar as being a nickel!  What a crazy idea.  But then again, candy bars are now over a dollar and I actually did watch the dollar continue to go down or the cost of living continue to go up!  I used to philosophize and think that everything is actually relative.  For instance when my Grandmother, who was born in 1914 was growing up, she paid five cents for a candy bar but it was relative to the amount of money people made in that time.  Simply put, in the age of factories, the industrial age, workers were paid $15 per week. So if we do the math and divide five cents into fifteen dollars a week we could buy a candy bar 300 times.  If I look at the same scenario for today, minimum wage is now $7.25 an hour in NYC.
Let’s figure on a 40 hour work week the average person would make $290.00 before taxes.  Guess what?  You would only be able to buy a $1.00 candy bar 290 times!  So, I was right, it does seem to all be relative.

I am not a financial analyst but I did major in Business.  I do know that supply and demand are supposed to determine the marketplace.  In a nut shell if there is an unlimited supply of something then it should cost less.  That’s why when new technology hits the scene like a flat screen TV, they were all way too expensive for many of us to buy.  The 42″ Flat Screen LCD TV was over $1500.00 when flat screens first hit the scene.  I know everyone went to buy one to keep up with the neighbors but I didn’t jump on the band wagon because I really didn’t think it mattered whether I watched a box TV or a flat screen!  In fact I just bought my first flat screen TV AFTER Christmas on my Business Credit account with Best Buy and snagged that 42″ on behalf of my corporation for business expenses so it’s a tax write off, yes I will be doing many presentations on it and for only $499!  So, I waited about 5 years before keeping up just so that the market would flood with the flat screen TVs and of course this would drive the price down as we have seen over and over with technology.  I will not go buy the new iPAD this year, I’ll buy it next year if I really need it!  So now that we know everything is relative there are certain things in our society that break away from the norm.

Since the beginning of time Silver & Gold were always precious metals.  For instance you buy your special someone a gold necklace, ring or bracelet and the higher in pure Gold the more expensive.  Or if you either preferred Silver to Gold or just couldn’t afford Gold then you would buy your loved one Silver and make sure its pure…  It had better have that 925 stamp inside for Sterling Silver purity (US).  But something has been changing as our society progresses.  I’m not going to write to you like an economist here.  I am not going to waist time on the long story about how the US dollar was backed by Gold until President Nixon decided to make the dollar a promissory note.  Instead we are going to keep it in the new millennium and discuss technology!  Thomas Edison created the light bulb, in order for it to work, we must use pure silver. There is a new cell phone for us to buy every month if not every week! The components in the cell phones to allow us to communicate is dependent on pure Silver.  So, Silver has become an industrial commodity which is why it is continually going up.  20 years ago Silver was selling for $3-$5 per ounce.  As of the date of this article Silver is selling at $16 an ounce!   According to the Silver Institute “Silver Uses Demand for silver is built on three main pillars: industrial and decorative uses, photography, and jewelry & silverware.  Together, these three categories represent more than 95 percent of annual silver consumption.  In 2007, 455.5 million ounces of silver were used for industrial applications, while over 128 million ounces of silver were committed to the photographic sector, 163.4 million ounces were consumed in the jewelry market, and 58.8 million ounces were used in the silverware market.

2000 to Present

Why is this indispensable metal in such demand?  The reasons are simple. Silver has a number of unique properties including its strength, malleability and ductility, its electrical and thermal conductivity, its sensitivity to and high reflectance of light and the ability to endure extreme temperature ranges.  Silver’s unique properties restrict its substitution in most applications.”  Here are a few applications of Silver.
* Traditional
o Coinage
o Photography
o Silver Jewelry
o Silverware and Table Settings
* Industrial
o Batteries
o Bearings
o Brazing and Soldering
o Catalysts
o Electronics
* Emerging
o Medical Applications
o Mirrors & Coatings
o Solar Energy
o Water Purification”

Now let’s look at Gold, it is currently selling at over $1000 per ounce when 20 years ago the price was hanging around $400 per ounce.  Here’s a chart to show how Gold has increased over the years.

20 Year Gold Prices

Additionally, according to an article published on MSN Money November 21st 2007 by Michael Brush entitled Why Gold is going Straight to $1000 he stated that there are 4 main reasons for Gold’s increase which are;

No. 1: The dollar’s in trouble
No. 2: Gold production lags demand
No. 3: Gold producers are buying gold
No. 4: Gold follows oil

So with this information we can gather that to insure our wealth as business owners and entrepreneurs we need to buy assets.  Investing in Silver & Gold has been and always will be a safe way to hedge yourself against the declining dollar and buying Silver & Gold can be done in many ways.  Of course, you can play the stock market and try to understand how to be a trader.  But many people enjoy buying the metal in coin form.  There are several countries that offer the metal of which you can buy from their Mint facility which is the facility of the government which actually makes coinage.  There are several countries that you can buy Mint Coins from which are listed below but continue reading before you make a mistake…

From each of these facilities you can purchase Gold and Silver bullion coins.  Bullion simply means any precious metal that can be found in bulk.  These Bullion Coins and bars are worth the value of the metal in the market as we discussed earlier plus a few extra dollars because the metal has been converted from a raw metal to an actual coin.  But, before buying a simple bullion coin there is one more step that you can take to insure the value of your assets go through the roof!  A Graded Silver or Gold MS70 Coin means the coin has been graded by a third party company.  There are many coin graders out there but there are three top graders that investors trust for authenticity which are ANACS the oldest grading company in the world, NGC and PCGS .  Have you ever seen the coins that are sealed and encased being sold on television.  The grading is what sets one coin apart from the other.  First of all only one out of every ten coins that the Mint makes is considered perfect, without flaw and 99.9% pure.  The graders certify and authenticate the rarity, quality and purity of the coin among other things.   Each year there are several Mint State 70 coins made.  After the year is done and the supply is gone, this adds another value of collectability to the coin.  When these same coins are encased before they are circulated and graded by one of the top graders it turns a bullion Silver coin worth only $20 ($16 for market value and a few extra because it is actually money) to a coin worth over $115 today!  A bullion Gold coin or bar is worth approximately $1100.00 (market price + the fact that it is money).  A graded gold coin would be worth over $1400.00.   These coins can be purchased in many places.  To give you an idea, the 1I have put my trust in the Numis Network to buy quality Mint graded Silver & Gold one of the top sellers in the world of these coins has been Mike Mezack.  He has sold millions of dollars of these coins on the Home Shopping Network.  Everywhere we look we are seeing We Buy Gold & We Buy Silver commercials, Pawn Shops and Billboards.  There is a paradigm shift happening, a window of opportunity for the average person to gain some wealth.

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